Original Article
Role of Rhizobium on Growth and Development of Groundnut: A Review
Year: 2021 | Month: March | Volume 14 | Issue 1
1.Adissie, S., Adgo, E. and Feyisa, T. 2020. Effect of rhizobial inoculants and micronutrients on yield and yield components of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) on vertisol of Wereillu district, South Wollo, Ethiopia, Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1): 1747854.
View at Google Scholar2.Agricultural statistics at a glance 2019 (2020) Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of India. https:// eands.dacnet.nic.in/PDF/At%20a%20Glance%202019%20 Eng.pdf (Accessed on 15 March 2021)
View at Google Scholar3.Arya, S.S., Salve, A.R. and Chauhan, S. 2016. Peanuts as functional food: a review. J. Food Sci. Technol., 53(1): 31–41.
View at Google Scholar4.Ashraf, M., Ahmad, M. and Bakush, H.M. 2006. Efficacy of rhizobium strains for groundnut inoculation under rain fed conditions. Pak. J. Agri. Sci., 43(3-4): 122-125.
View at Google Scholar5.Badawi, F.S.F., Biomy, A.M.M. and Desoky, A.H. 2011. Peanut plant growth and yield as influenced by co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium and some rhizo-microorganisms under sandy loam soil conditions. Ann. Agric. Sci., 56: 17–25.
View at Google Scholar6.Baishya, L.K., Ansari, M.A., Singh, R., Deka, B.C., Prakash, N. and Ngachan, S.V. 2014. Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars to integrated nutrient management on productivity, profitability and nutrient uptake in NEH Region. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 84(5): 612–615.
View at Google Scholar7.Baldwin, I.L. and Fred, E.B. 1929. Nomenclature of the root nodule bacteria of the Leguminosae. J. Bacteriol., 17: 141–150.
View at Google Scholar8.Baldwin, I.L. and Fred, E.B. 1929. Nomenclature of the root nodule bacteria of the Leguminosae. J. Bacteriol., 17: 141–150.
View at Google Scholar9.Beck, D.P. and Munns, D.N. 1985. Effect of calcium on the phosphorus nutrition of Rhizobium meliloti. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49: 334–337.
View at Google Scholar10.Beijerinck, M.W. 1888. Cultur des Bacillus radicicola aus den Kno¨llchen. Bot. Ztg., 46: 740–750.
View at Google Scholar11.Bhattacharyya, P.N. and Jha, D.K. 2012. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): emergence in agriculture. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 28: 1327–1350.
View at Google Scholar12.Boussingault, J. 1838. Recherches chimiques sur la vegetation enterprises dans le but d’examinersi les plantes prennent de I’atmosphere. Ann. Chim. Phys., 67: 1–54.
View at Google Scholar13.Chen, Q., Zhang, X., Terefework, Z., Kaijalainen, S., Li, D. and Lindström, K. 2003. Diversity and compatibility of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) bradyrhizobia and their host plants. Plant Soil, 255: 605–617.
View at Google Scholar14.Chetti, M.B., Antony, E., Mummigatti, U.V. and Dodamani, M.B. 1995. Role of nitrogen and Rhizobium on nitrogen utilization efficiency and productivity potential in groundnut genotypes. Farming Systems, 11(1-2): 209-216.
View at Google Scholar15.Dardanelli, M.S., González, P.S., Medeot, D.B., Natalia, S.P., Miguel, A.B. and Mirta, B.G. 2009. Effects of peanut rhizobia on the growth and symbiotic performance of Arachis hypogaea under abiotic stress. Symbiosis, 47: 175–180.
View at Google Scholar16.Datta, A., Singh, R.K., Kumar, S. and Kumar, S. 2015. An Effective and Beneficial Plant Growth Promoting Soil Bacterium“Rhizobium”: A Review. Ann. Plant Sci., 4(01): 933-942.
View at Google Scholar17.Dey, R. and Pal, K.K. 2014. Biofertilizers for enhancing groundnut productivity. ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Ivnagar Road, PB No. 5, Junagadh, Gujarat, India, pp. 30.
View at Google Scholar18.Didagbé, O.Y., Houngnandan, P., Sina, H., Zoundji, C.C., Kouelo, F.A., Lakou, J., Toukourou, F., Baba-Moussa, L. 2014. Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to exogenous Bradyrhizobium sp strains inoculation and phosphorus supply in two agro-ecological zones of Benin, West Africa. J. Exp. Biol. Agric. Sci., 2(6): 623-633.
View at Google Scholar19.El-Akhal, M.R., Rincón, A., Arenal, F., Lucas, M.M., ElMourabit, N., Barrijal, S. and Pueyo, J.J. 2008. Genetic diversity and symbiotic efficiency of rhizobial isolates obtained from nodules of Arachis hypogaea in northwestern Morocco. Soil Biol. Biochem., 40: 2911–2914.
View at Google Scholar20.FAOSTAT. 2021. Crop Statistics. http://www.fao.org/faostat/ en/#data/QC. Accessed on 15 March 2021.
View at Google Scholar21.Fixen, P.E. 2005. Understanding and improving nutrient use efficiency as an application of information technology. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Information Technology in Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Management, a satellite symposium at the XV International Plant Nutrient Colloquium, Sep. 14-16, 2005. Beijing, China.
View at Google Scholar22.Fletcher, S.M., Zhang, P. and Carley, D. 1992. Groundnuts: Production, Utilization and trade in the 1980s.
View at Google Scholar23.Frank, B. 1889. Ueber die Pilzsymbiose der Leguminosen. Ber Deut Bot Ges., 7: 332–346.
View at Google Scholar24.Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I.L. and McCoy, E. 1932. Root nodule bacteria and leguminous plants, University of Wisconsin Studies in Science No.5. University of Wisconsin, Madison.
View at Google Scholar25.Fuchsius, L. 1542. De historia stirpium commentarii isignes. Michael Isingrin, Basel.
View at Google Scholar26.Fuentes-Ramirez, L.E. and Caballero-Mellado, J. 2005. Bacterial Biofertilizers. In PGPR: Biocontrol and Biofertilization; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany
View at Google Scholar27.Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J.F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S.M. and Toulmin, C. 2010. Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People. Science, 327: 812–818.
View at Google Scholar28.Gomoung, D., Mbailao, M., Toukam, S.T. and Ngakou, A. 2017. Influence of Cross-Inoculation on Groundnut and Bambara Groundnut-Rhizobium Symbiosis: Contribution to Plant Growth and Yield in the Field at Sarh (Chad) and Ngaoundere (Cameroon). Am. J. Plant Sci., 8: 1953-1966.
View at Google Scholar29.Gray, E.J. and Smith, D.L. 2005. Intracellular and extracellular PGPR: commonalities and distinctions in the plant bacterium signaling process. Soil Biol. Biochem., 37: 395–412.
View at Google Scholar30.Gunri, S.K., Biswas, T., Mandal, G.S., Nath, R. and Kundu, C.K. 2014. Effect of biofertilizer on productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in red and laterite zone of West Bengal. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 27(2): 230-231.
View at Google Scholar31.Gupta, R.K., Kaushik, S., Sharma, P. and Jain, V.K. 2003. Biofertilizers: An eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers. Environmental Challenges of the 21st Century, APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, pp. 275-287.
View at Google Scholar32.Hellriegel, H. and Wilfarth, H. 1888. Untersuchungen u¨ ber die Stickstoffnahrung der Gramineon und Leguminosen. Beilageheft zu der Ztschr. Ver. Ru¨ benzucker-Industrie Deutschen Reichs.
View at Google Scholar33.Hiltner, L. 1904. Uber neuere Erfahrungen und Probleme auf dem Gebiete der Bodenbakteriologie unter bessonderer Beru¨cksichtigung der Gru¨ndung und Brache. Arb Dtsch Landwirtsch Ges Berl., 98: 59–78.
View at Google Scholar34.Hirsch, A.M., Lum, M.R. and Downie, J.A. 2001. What Makes the Rhizobia-Legume Symbiosis So Special? Plant Physiol., 127(4): 1484-1492.
View at Google Scholar36.ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research (DGR), Gujarat 2015. Vision-2050. http://www.dgr.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/VISION-2050.pdf (Accessed on 15th March 2021)
View at Google Scholar37.IISD. 2020. News. https://sdg.iisd.org/news/world-populationto-reach-9-9-billion-by-2050/. Accessed on 15 March 2021
View at Google Scholar38.Israel, D.W. 1987. Investigation of the role of phosphorus in symbiotic dinitrogen fixation. Plant Physiol., 84: 835–840.
View at Google Scholar39.Jewell, M.C., Campbell, B.C. and Godwin, I.D. 2010. Transgenic Plants for Abiotic Stress Resistance. In Transgenic Crop Plants; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany
View at Google Scholar40.Kamdi, T.S., Sonkamble, P. and Joshi, S. 2014. Effect of organic manure and biofertilizers on seed quality of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The Bioscan., 9(3): 1011-1013.
View at Google Scholar41.Khaitov, B., Kurbonov, A., Abdiev, A. and Adilov, M. 2016. Effect of chickpea in association with Rhizobium to crop productivity and soil fertility. Eurasian J. Soil Sci., 5(2): 105 – 112.
View at Google Scholar42.Khalid, R., Zhang, Y.J., Ali, S., Sui, X.H., Zhang, X.X., Amara U., Chen, W.X. and Hayat, R. 2015. Rhizobium pakistanensis sp. nov., isolated from groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) nodules grown in rainfed Pothwar, Pakistan. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 107: 281–290.
View at Google Scholar43.Kloepper, J.W. and Schroth, M.N. 1978. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on radishes. In: Proceedings of the IVth international conference on plant pathogenic bacteria, Station de Pathologie Vegetale et Phyto-Bacteriologie, Angers, 2: 879–882.
View at Google Scholar44.Kumar, A., Maurya, B.R., Raghuwanshi, R., Meena, V.S. and Tofazzal, I.M. 2017. Co-inoculation with enterobacter and rhizobacteria on yield and nutrient uptake by wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) in the alluvial soil under IndoGangetic plain of India. J. Plant Growth Regul., 36: 608–617.
View at Google Scholar45.Kumar, S.R.A. and Suganya, A. 2017. Potential for Plant Growth Promotion in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by Inoculation of Native Rhizobium Strains. Int. J. Sci. Res., 6(4): 2069-2072.
View at Google Scholar46.Kumawat, K., Patel, P.P., Dambiwal, D., Reddy, T.V., Chouthu, Ram Hakla C.P. 2017. Effect of liquid and solid biofertilizers (Rhizobium and PSB) on growth attributes, yield and economics of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Int. J. Chem. Stud., 5(4): 239-242.
View at Google Scholar47.Lachmann, J. 1858. Über knollen an den wurzeln der leguminosen (About bulbous roots of the legume). Landwirthschaftliche Mitteilungen. Z Koniglichen.
View at Google Scholar48.Laxminarayana, K. Patsram. 2005. Influence of inorganic, biological and organic manures on yield and nutrient uptake of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and soil properties. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 75(4): 218-221.
View at Google Scholar49.Löhis, F. and Hansen, R. 1921. Nodulating bacteria of leguminous plant. J. Agric. Res., 20: 543–556.
View at Google Scholar50.Madhusudhana, B. 2013. A Survey on Area, Production and Productivity of Groundnut Crop in India. J. Financ Econ., 1(3): 2321-5925.
View at Google Scholar51.Mahato, S. and Kafle, A. 2018. Comparative study of Azotobacter with or without other fertilizers on growth and yield of wheat in Western hills of Nepal. Ann. Agrar. Sci., 16: 250-256.
View at Google Scholar52.Mahdi, A.A. and Atabani, I.M.A. 1992. Response of Bradyrhizobium inoculated soybean and lablab bean to inoculation with vesicular mycorrhizae. Exp. Agric., 28: 399-407.
View at Google Scholar53.Maitra, S. and Ray, D.P. 2019. Enrichment of Biodiversity, Influence in Microbial Population Dynamics of Soil and Nutrient Utilization in Cereal-Legume Intercropping Systems: A Review. Int. J. Bioresource Sci., 6(1): 11-19.
View at Google Scholar54.Maitra, S., Shankar, T., Gaikwad, D.J., Palai, J.B. and Sagar, L. 2020. Organic Agriculture, Ecosystem Services and Sustainability: A Review. Int. J. Mod. Agric., 9(4): 370-378.
View at Google Scholar55.Maitra, S., Zaman, A., Mandal, T.K. and Palai, J.B. 2018. Green manures in agriculture: A review. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem., 7(5): 1319-1327.
View at Google Scholar57.Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 2nd edn. Academic, London
View at Google Scholar58.Meena, V.S., Meena, S.K., Verma, J.P., Kumar, A., Aeron, A., Mishra, P.K., Bisht, J.K., Pattanayak, A., Naveed, M. and Dotaniya, M.L. 2017. Plant beneficial rhizospheric microorganism (PBRM) strategies to improve nutrients use efficiency: A review. Ecol. Eng., 107: 8–32.
View at Google Scholar59.Michael, A., Ahiabor, B.D.K. and Atakora, W.K. 2020. Growth, Nodulation, and Yield Responses of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as Influenced by Combined Application of Rhizobium Inoculant and Phosphorus in the Guinea Savanna Zone of Ghana. Int. J. Agron., pp. 1–7.
View at Google Scholar60.Nagaraj, R., Hanumanthappa, M. and Kamath, S. 2018. Growth parameters and yield of groundnut as influenced by integrated nutrient management at coastal zone of Karnataka. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem., 7(5): 2725-2729.
View at Google Scholar61.Nath, D., Maurya, B.R. and Meena, V.S. 2017. Documentation of five potassium- and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria for their K and P-solubilization ability from various minerals. Biocatal Agric. Biotechnol., 10: 174–181.
View at Google Scholar62.Nobbe, F. and Hiltner, L. 1896. Inoculation of the soil for cultivating leguminous plants. U.S. Patent 570 813.
View at Google Scholar63.Ojiewo, C., Janila, P., Bhatnagar-Mathur, P., Pandey, M.K., Desmae, H., Okori, P., Mwololo, J., Ajeigbe, H., NjugunaMungai, E. and Muricho, G. 2020. Advances in crop improvement and delivery research for nutritional quality and health benefits of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Front Plant Sci., 11: 1–15.
View at Google Scholar64.Patel, A.M., Patel, P.K., Saini, A.K. and Patel, K.M. 2018. Organic nutrient management packages of green manuring potato groundnut sequence. Int. J. Agric. Sci., 10(10): 6025-6027.
View at Google Scholar65.Pitumpe, A.P.S., Rosso, L.H.M. and Hansel, F.D. 2020. Temporal biological nitrogen fixation pattern in soybean inoculated with Bradyrhizobium. Agrosyst. Geosci. Environ., 3(1): 1-10.
View at Google Scholar66.Premaratne, K.P. and Oertli, J.J. 1994. The influence of potassium supply on nodulation, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen accumulation of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) grown in nutrient solution. Ferti. Res., 38(2): 95–99
View at Google Scholar67.Qiao, Y.J., Li, Z.Z., Wang, X., Zhu, B., Hu, Y.G. and Zeng, Z.H. 2012. Effect of legume-cereal mixtures on the diversity of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere. Plant Soil Environ., 58(4): 174–180.
View at Google Scholar68.Rafi, M.M.D., Varalakshmi, T. and Charyulu, P.B.B.N. 2012. Influence of Azospirillum and PSB inoculation on growth and yield of Foxtail Millet. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2(4): 558-565.
View at Google Scholar69.Rajgopal, K.K., Chandan, J.B., Mishra, P.K., Bhaodia, Mathur, R.S. 2000. Evaluation of bold seed nut groundnut accessions for confectionery attributes. IAN 20: 18-19.
View at Google Scholar70.Ramakrishna, K., Devi, S., Sailaja, K.B. and Saritha, J.D. 2017. Nutrient use efficiency of groundnut with organic manures. Environ. Conserv. J., 18(3): 1-8.
View at Google Scholar71.Ramya, P., Maitra, S., Shankar, T., Adhikary, R. and Palai, J.B. 2020. Growth and Productivity of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) as Influenced by Integrated Nutrient Management. Agric Econ., 7(2): 17-24 (Special Issue).
View at Google Scholar72.Reddy, T.Y. and Reddy, G.S. 2016. Principles of agronomy, 5th edition. New Delhi, India
View at Google Scholar73.Rodelas, R., González-López, J., Martínez-Toledo, M.V., Pozo, C. and Salmerón, V. 1999. Influence of Rhizobium/ Azotobacter and Rhizobium/Azospirillum combined inoculation on mineral composition of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Biol. Ferti. Soils, 29: 165–169.
View at Google Scholar74.Roriz, M., Carvalho, S.M.P., Castro, P.M.L. and Vasconcelos, M.W. 2020. Legume biofortification and the role of plant growth-promoting bacteria in a sustainable agricultural era. Agronomy, 10(3): 1-13.
View at Google Scholar75.Rosália, C.E., Santos, S., Stamford, N.P., Freitas, A.D.S., Vieira, I.M.D.M.B., Souto, S.M., Neves, M.C.P. and Rumjanek, N.G. 2005. Efetividade de rizóbios isolados de solos da região Nordeste do Brasil na fixação do N2 em amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.). Acta Scientiarum Agron., 27: 301–307.
View at Google Scholar76.Sajid, M., Rab, A., Fazal-I-Wahid, Shah, S.N.M., Jan, I., Khan, M.A., Hussain, S.A., Khan, M.A. and Iqbal, Z. 2011. Influence of rhizobium inoculation on growth and yield of groundnut cultivars. Sarhad J. Agric., 27(4): 573-576.
View at Google Scholar77.Sandhya, V., Ali, S.Z. and Grover, M. 2010. Effect of plant growth promoting Pseudomonas spp. on compatible solutes, antioxidant status and plant growth of maize under drought stress. Plant Growth Regul., 62: 21–30.
View at Google Scholar78.Sene, G., Thiao, M., Mbaye, R.S., Ndoye, F., Kane, A., Diouf, D. and Sylla, S.N. 2010. Response of three peanut cultivars toward inoculation.
View at Google Scholar79.Sharma, P., Kumawat, K.C. and Kaur, S. 2016. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in Nutrient Enrichment: Current Perspectives. In: Singh U, Praharaj C, Singh S, Singh N (eds) Biofortification of Food Crops. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2716-8_20
View at Google Scholar80.Singh, A.L. 1999. Mineral Nutrition of Groundnut. In Advances in Plant Physiology (Ed. A. Hemantranjan), Vol II pp. 161-200. Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur, India.
View at Google Scholar81.Singh, A.L., Ghosh, P.K. and Dayal, D. 1997. Nutrient management in groundnut and groundnut based cropping systems. In: Ghonsikar CP, Shinde VS (Eds) Nutrient Management Practices in crops and cropping Systems, India
View at Google Scholar82.Singh, B. and Singh, Y. 2002. Concepts in nutrient management. In: Recent Advances in Agronomy. Indian Soc Agron, New Delhi, 92-109.
View at Google Scholar83.Singh, G.P., Singh, P.L. and Panwar, A.S. 2013. Seed yield, quality and nutrient uptake of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) as affected by integrated nutrient management in mid hill altitude of Meghalaya, India. Legum. Res., 36(2): 147-152.
View at Google Scholar84.Singleton, P., Keyser, H. and Sande, E. 2002. Development and evaluation of liquid inoculants. In: Herridge D (ed) Inoculants and nitrogen fixation of legumes in Vietnam, ACIAR Proceedings, Canberra, 109: 52–66.
View at Google Scholar85.Somers, E., Vanderleyden, J. and Srinivasan, M. 2004. Rhizosphere bacterial signalling: a love parade beneath our feet. Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 30: 205–240.
View at Google Scholar86.Spehn, E.M., Joshi, J., Schmid, B., Alphei, J. and Korner, C. 2000. Plant diversity effects on soil heterotrophic activity in experimental grassland ecosystems. Plant Soil, 224: 217–230.
View at Google Scholar87.Swarnalakshmi, K., Yadav, V., Tyagi, D., Dhar, D.W., Kannepalli, A. and Kumar, S. 2020. Significance of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in grain legumes: growth promotion and crop production. Plants, 9: 1596.
View at Google Scholar88.Tandon, H.L.S. 1991. Sulphur Research and Agriculture Production. FDCO, 3rd edition, New Delhi, India.
View at Google Scholar89.Tang, C., Barton, L. and Raphael, C. 1998. Pasture legume species differ in their capacity to acidify soil. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 49(1): 53–58.
View at Google Scholar90.Tarimo, A.J.P. 1997. Physiological response of groundnut to plant population density. African Crop Sci. J., 5(3): 267-272.
View at Google Scholar91.Thomas, R.J. and Hungria, M. 1988. Effect of potassium on nitrogen fixation, nitrogen transport, and nitrogen harvest index of bean. J. Plant Nutr., 11(2):175-188.
View at Google Scholar92.Tilak, K.V.B.R., Ranganayaki, N. and Manoharachari, C. 2006. Synergistic effects of plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria and Rhizobium on nodulation and nitrogen fixation by pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Eur. J. Soil Sci., 57: 67–71.
View at Google Scholar93.Vala, F.G., Vaghasia, P.M., Zala, K.P. and Akhatar, N. 2018. Response of Integrated Nutrient Management on Nutrient Uptake, Economics and Nutrient Status of Soil in Bold Seeded Summer Groundnut. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 7(1): 174-180.
View at Google Scholar94.Van Rossum, D., Muyotcha, A., De Hope, B.M., Van Verseveld, H.W., Stouthamer, A.H. and Boogerd, F.C. 1994. Soil acidity in relation to groundnut-Bradyrhizobium symbiotic performance. Plant Soil, 163: 165–175.
View at Google Scholar95.Van Schreven, D.A., Harmsen, G.W. and Lindenbergh, D.T. 1953. Experiments on the cultivation of Rhizobium in liquid media for use on zindderzee polders. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 19: 300–308.
View at Google Scholar96.Venkateswarlu, B., Maheswari, M. and Karan, N.S. 1989. Effects of water deficits on N2 (C2 H2 ) fixation in cowpea and groundnut. Plant Soil, 114: 69–74.
View at Google Scholar97.Vessey, J.K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant Soil, 255: 571–586
View at Google Scholar98.Woronin, M.S. 1866. Uber die bei der Schwarzerle (Alnus glutinosa) und bei der gewo¨hnlichen Gartenlupine (Lupinus mutabilis) auftretenden Wurzelanschwellungen. Me’moires del’Academie Impe’riale des Sciences de St. Pe’tersbourg, VII Series, vol. X
View at Google Scholar99.Yang, J.K., Xie, F.L., Zou, J., Zhou, Q. and Zhou, J.C. 2005. Polyphasic characteristics of bradyrhizobia isolated from nodules of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in China. Soil Biol. Biochem., 37: 141–153.
View at Google Scholar100.Yusif, S.A., Muhammad, I., Hayatu, N.G., Sauwa, M.M., Tafinta, I.Y., Mohammed, M.A., Lukman, S.A., Abubakar, G.A. and Hussain, A.M. 2016. Effects of Biochar and Rhizobium Inoculation on Nodulation and Growth of Groundnut in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Appl. Life Sci. Int., 9(2): 1-9.
View at Google Scholar101.Zahran, H.H. 1999. Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under severe conditions and in an arid climate. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 63(4): 968–989.
View at Google Scholar102.Zhang, X., Nick, G., Kaijalainen, S., Terefework, Z., Paulin, L., Tighe, S.W., Graham, P.H. and Lindström, K. 1999. Phylogeny and diversity of Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from the root nodules of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Sichuan, China. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 22: 378–386.
View at Google Scholar